RI-9 (I4103):  7/18/05

•	AIM
* If part of VOR/DME is broken, only operational part will ident.  DME idents like TACAN, VOR every 2-3 Sec.
DME is good up to 199 NM.
LOC is good to 10NM w/i 35deg, 18 NM w/i 10 deg.
Some LDAs have Glideslope.
ILS critical area: 800 ft/2 mi vis, no one allowed in when aircraft is inside FAF, except for a/c exiting runway.  (200 ft/2000 RVR: nobody  inside area at all.)  When WX better, need to call to keep clear when doing a coupled or autoland approach.
GPS needs 5 sats for RAIM (or 4 with baro-aid), 6 for fault exclusion (5 with baro-aid.)
GPS Freq: 1575.42 MHz.
RNP: 2 Enroute, 1 Dep/term, .3 Approach. 
WAAS allows LNAV/VNAV precision to 250 ft.  LAAS allows 0/0 performance.
PAR: 10 miles, 7 deg elev, 20 deg azimuth.  ASR: 360 deg.

Ch 2
Lights: ALSF-2, ALSF-1, SSALR, MALSR, MALSF (no rail), ODALS.  3000 ft for precision, 1,500 ft for nonprecision runways.
VASI/PAPI range: 3-5 miles (day), 20 miles (night).  Provides obstacle clearance within 4 NM and 10 deg of centerline.
15 mins for pilot controlled lighting.
Beacons: White/Green: Land; White/White/Green: Mil Land, White/Yellow: Seaport, Gr/Yell/Wht: Heliport.  Beacon on during day if Wx 3NM/1000 ft.

•	Circling Approach (+Missed)
* 1.3 mi. Cat A, 1.5 mi. Cat B, 1.7 mi. Cat C.  300 ft. Clearance.
* Missed: turn to rwy of intended landing, execute missed approach procedures (comply with intent)
* Multiple methods: TLAR or 90/10, 45/30, 30/45.  Get to good position to land and intercept normal contact pattern.

•	SSE Non-Precision (+Circling, + Missed)
* Circling: Stay clean until intercepting normal glideslope (90' or 180') then come down.
* Missed: execute SSE waveoff procedures, along with normal missed procedures.  Crosscheck VSI, ensure 400 fpm climb to ensure obstacle clearance.  If not, climb at 102 for Vxse, not 110 for Vyse to ensure max climb over distance. 
Remain clean and at 150K until established on final.  Once on final, slow to min of 120K after normal configuration point but before FAF (leave flaps & gear up).  Remain clean at 120K until landing is assured and in a safe position to land, at which time select Flaps - APPR & accomplish Gear Down Landing Checklist.  Ensure gear down no later than 1 mile from threshold.  If descending on final for a non-precision approach & lose an engine, immediately raise flaps and gear; don't put flaps and gear down again until landing assured and in safe position to land.

•	Engine System
* Engine cooled by forward->aft air flow, in front of stacks in, and out after stacks and after in aft section.
* Purge line is for FCU, not for EPA pump.
* Less than 3,500 ft PA, Idle is regulated constant.  Above that, can be as high as 83% due to min fuel flow.
* Starters go from 700 amps to 300 amps during start.
* 1) Engine:  PT6A-34B, 550 shp, reverse flow, free turbine, three stage axial single stage centrifugal compressor.  Airflow around plenum and into intake.  Diffuser vanes btw compressor and combustion chamber.  Compression ratio: 7:1.  Max N1 = 37,500 rpm.  (100%, 101.5%=38000 rpm.)  Combustion:  25% of intake air is mixed with fuel.  14 fuel sprak nozzles (10 prim, 2 secondary), and 2 igniter plugs.  RGB drives prop governors through spline gears. RGB: two stages, 15:1 reduction ratio.  

2) Fuel control system:  Engine driven fuel pump, Fuel control unit (inlet temps + power lever position, adjusts fuel flow, hence N1, hence power produced.)  Start control unit: mechanical fuel control valve, tied to FUEL CUTOFF position.  

3)  Oil to fuel heater: preheats engine fuel with engine heat.  Oil heats it in a radiator form.  When fuel temp >70degF, valves restrict the amount of oil flow.  90degF, valves closed completely, oil bypasses core.  

4)  Fuel drain collector system (after engine shutdown):  Collector tank:  residual fuel from  manifold flows in, Fuel Drain Collector Pump: Automatically  transfers residual fuel back to nacelle tank (Batt powered by #1 and #2 bus feeders.  Has CB.) 

4) Starter/Gens:  Initial starter draw 700 Amps, drops rapidly to 300 amps as engine reaches 20% N1.  IGN & ENG START:  completes starter circuit, energizes igniters, open purge valve in fuel control unit, activates IGN IND light.  Purge solenoid electrically connected to ignition system and relieves any trapped fuel vapor.  

5)  Compressor bleed valvu:  Centrifugal works best @ high RPM, Axial at low, so to prevent compressor stall, bleed valve between 3rd and 4th compressor stage.  Fully open less than 62% rpm, fully closed >75%.  

6)   Engine limitations:  ITT 790 max continuous, 1090 max starts... Self powered.  Torquemeters: 1315/1520 foot lbs redlines, will not work with loss of 26VAC power...  Prop Tachs self powered from tach generator in RGB.  Turbine Tachs: slaved to a tach gen in the RGB.  Fuel flow: Calibrated for JP-5.  Oil PX:  Redline: 40 psi.  Oil temp redline: 99degC.

Ops limits:  Max allowable power:  Max power available for takeoff (5 min max.)  Max continuous power:  Max power (emergency use, pilots discretion) not limited by time.  Cruise climb:  Max power for normal climb.  Cruise:  Required to maintain level flight.  ITT: 400-790 degC, max allow: 790, max continuous: 790, Max cruise 740, Max criuse climb 765, max low idle: 685, max accel 850 (2sec)  Max reverse: 790, max start: 1090 (2sec), if likely to exceed 925, fuel cutoff.  Torque: 400-1315 ft.lb.   Max allow + avail: 1315 ftlb @ 2200 rpm for 5 mins... Max conti4ous: 1520 ftlb@ 1900 rpm, 1315 ftlb @ 2200 rpm.  Prop tach: 1800-2200 rpm, Max: 2200, Max  accel: 2420 (2sec), Max reverse: 2100.  Turbine tach:  50-101.5, max allow: 101.5, max continuous, cruise, cruise climb: 101.5, max accel: 102.6, max reverse: 86.  Oil temp: 10-99 degC, max:99, Oil PX: 85-100 psi (above 72%n1), max: 100, min 40, below 40 unsafe, shutdown/minimum power, btw 40-85 undesirable, completion of flight at reduced power.

6) Power control quadrant:  PCL: regulates developed power from idle to max, increase power levers, increase N1.  Reverse:  15 to -5 deg.  Movement of props in beta controls prop pitch only.  Reverse range: -5 to -11 ged, controls pitch and n1.  Condition levers:  start or stop fuel, control idle from 50 - 67% n1. 

7) Oil system:  Oil tank between engine air inlet and accessory case, oil -cools and lubes engine, -operates prop pitch change mech, - controls torque meter system + torque px switches.  Capacity: 14 quarts (9 quarts in thank, dipstick can read from 5 quarts.)  Max allow oil consumption = 1/4 pint / hr.  Components:  Integral oil tank, oil filler + dipstick, Oil cooler, oil-to-fuel heater.  Oil pressure pump, Oil PXZ transmitter, chip detector, Prop gov ernor.

8)  Fire detection system:  3 fire detectors (3 photocell detectors per engine), fire detector amplifiers: one eadch side of airplane, cockpit indicators.  Test:  position 3 checks fuel manifold, forward nacelle and exhaust outlets detectors, 2: uppor accessory compartment, 1: lower accessory compartment.  Fire extinguisher: Supply  cylinders (fire bottles), one on each sided of main wheel well,  charged with 2.5 lbs of extinguishing agent (bromotrifluromethane), pressurized with 0.8 lb dry Nitrogen.  Push to ext switches: in cockpit, Explosive squibs: at base of each fire bottle, Extinguisher system network: hoses and turbine spray nozzles distributed strategically in engine.   

ENGINE SYSTEMS
1. Each engine is rated at 550 shp.
2. Total compression for each engine is equivalent to 7:1.
3. There are 2 igniter plugs per engine located at the -3 and -9 o'clock position.
4. Approximately 75% of intake air is actually used for cooling.
5. Reduction gear box (RGB) provides reduction ratio of 15:1.
6. The systems operating off the N1 compressor turbine are the compressor and accessories case: [1] fuel control system - engine driven fuel pump, fuel control unit [FCU], starter control unit [SCU], fuel spray nozzles, oil-to-fuel heater [2] fuel drain collector system - [a] fuel collector tank [b] fuel drain collector pump (EPA pump) [3] starter/generators [4] turbine tachometers
7. The systems operating off the N2 (power) section are [1] reduction gear box (RGB) [2] propeller system [3] engine torquemeters [4]propeller tachometers 
8. Inputs are sent to the Fuel Control Unit (FCU) are: [1]Power lever [2]Compressor turbine speed (Ng) - fuel control's governor flyweights driven by accessory section [3]Compressor air (P3 air): air sample in which air density determined [4]Propeller governor speed (Nf) - pneumatic system  determining prop speed (the fuel topping governor).
9. Inputs to the starter control unit are through the condition lever.
10. The compressor progressive bleed valve opens at low N1 to reduce compressor pressure between the axial and centrifugal compressors.  As N1 increases, starts to close at 62%N1 and is fully closed by 75%N1.  When power is reduced, the valve opens to bleed excess pressure in the compressor.
11. The fuel drain collector system consists of the fuel collector tank, fuel drain collector pump, and associated fuel lines.  The fuel collector pump provides automatic transfer of accumulated residual fuel back into the fuel supply by after shutdown when the fuel collector tank is full and its internal float switch actuated.
12. When the starter switch is actuated to 'STARTER ONLY,' the engine is motored without providing ignition.  In 'IGN ENG START' position: completes the starter circuit, energizes the igniter plugs, opens the purge valve in the FCU, provides fuel to the fuel nozzles, and actuates the 'IGN IND' light on the annunc panel.  
13.Torque is measured by a movable ring gear located in the first reduction gear stage.  Metered oil pressure across the orifice is measured against a calibrated pressure sensor in proportion to torque sensed.  The measurement is sent to the torquemeters through a 26V AC signal.  
14. With a failed torquemeter, auto ignition and autofeather are still available.
15. The oil system has a 14 Quart capacity.
16. The top 5 Quarts of oil is measurable.
17. The oil tank can hold 9 Quarts.
18. There are 4 scavenger pumps per engine.  They return oil to from the oil pickups to the oil cooler.
19. Autofeather is accomplished by: [1] Propellor Autofeather switch in 'ARM' [2] both power levers > 90 (+/- 2)% N1 [3] Torque on one engine <260(+/- 50)ft-lbs.  The autofeather relay applies current to the dump valve, causing the release of oil pressure holding pitch angle on the prop.  As the pressure releases, the feathering springs (assisted by centrifugal force applied to the blade shank counterweights) feather the prop.  After one prop feathers automatically, the other prop can only be feathered manually.  The right prop may not fully feather with the prop sync on.  Autofeather only used during takeoff and landing. 
20. Oil temp is maintained by running oil through a heat exchanger unit.  They are attached to the nacelles below the engine air intake.  As oil is returned from the integral oil pickups, it is returned via scavenger pumps to the oil cooler.  Air passing through the oil cooler cools the engine oil.  Normal oil temp (10 - 99C) is maintain by a thermal sensor that controls the bypass valve allowing some oil to bypass the oil cooler.  
21. The oil-to-fuel heat exchanger utilizes heat from engine oil to preheat engine fuel.  A fuel temp sensing oil bypass valve regulates fuel temp by either allowing oil to flow through the heater core or bypassing it.  A temp sensing element controls the oil inlet valve.  At a fuel temp >70F, the bypass valve begins to open; at 90F, the oil completely bypasses the heater core.  
22. The chip detector is located at the bottom of the reduction gearbox housing.  Its purpose is to warn the pilot of ferrous metal in the oil and a possible engine failure.  If a large particle (or several small particles) complete the circuit, the 'CHIP DETECT' annunc light and the 'FAULT WARNING' light will illum. 
23. Approved oil for the T-44 is MIL-L-23699, NATO O-156, or EXXON 2380.  (List found in NATOPS 3-2)
24. The fire bottles are normally pressurized to 450psi.
25. The minimum N1 required on the deck for generator loads exceeding 0.5 are [1] 0.5 - 0.75 = 57% [2] 0.75 -0.9 = 60% [3] 0.9       
       -1.0 = 63%
26. The oil system provides: [1] cools and lubricates the engine [2] operates prop pitch change and engine torquemeter system.
27. The procedures for a cold oil check: [1] Open the upper right cowling to gain access to the oil filler cap [2] Remove the oil filler cap. [3] Replenish oil to within 2 quart below MAX mark on dipstick. [4] Check oil filler cap for damage and general condition [5] Check for oil leaks.

FLIGHT PROCEDURES
1. The purpose of VMC is to demonstrate single engine characteristics at low speed and high power.  VMCA is the airspeed below which it's not possible to maintain hdg despite max rudder deflection and 5 degrees AOB into operating engine.
2. Elect to do an engine relight (windmilling airstart) over a starter-assisted airstart when an engine is inadvertently secured. 
3. For an efficient engine relight, consider: [1] Altitude and prop RPM - Windmilling airstarts above 20,000' or below 
    2,200RPM may exceed ITT limits [2] If engine shutdown by closing firewall valve, time to light-off during restart may exceed 
    10 seconds. [3] Above 20,000', may by necessary to periodically cycle condition lever to FUEL CUTOFF to avoid an overtemp.  [4] Reduce electric loads not consistent with flight conditions.
Note: Can relight an engine, after shutdown, for: [1] Engine fire without secondary indications [2] Chip light [3] Oil temp or oil press out of limits [4] Overspeeding prop.
4. An airstart would not be considered for the following: [MOVEOFF] [1] Mechanical malfunction [2] Overheat [3] Vibration [4] Explosion [5] 0 N1 [6] Fire [6] Fuel fumes.
5. During engine out operations, the following options are available: [1] Starter-assisted airstart [2] Windmilling airstart [3] Single engine flight [4] If dual failure: forced landing or ditching.
6. Execute a waveoff for: [1] Excessive overshoot of runway/ > 30AOB during approach turn [2] Landing clearance not received by short final [3] The IP, wheels watch, tower, or RDO issues verbal or visual waveoff signal [4] 3 green gear lights not visible after rolling out on final [5] PIC feels unsafe condition exists [6] If can't touchdown in 1st 1/3 of runway.
*(Single and Dual Engine) Waveoff: 
1. Power - AS REQ (establish + rate of climb at min 102K)
2. Flaps - APPR
3. Gear - UP (when rate of descent stopped or no possibility of touchdown)
4. Flaps - UP
5. Prop - 1900RPM (when CP calls "Gear is UP")
7. WINDMILLING AIRSTART
Use for emergency relight if engine inadvertently shutdown.
1. Power Lever (failed engine) - IDLE
2. Prop lever (failed engine) - FULL FORWARD
3. Condition lever (failed engine) - FUEL CUTOFF
4. Firewall Valve - OPEN
5. Autoignition - ARM
Note: Windmilling airstarts above 20,000 ft or below 2,200 prop RPM may exceed ITT limit.
6. Condition Lever - LOW IDLE
Note: If engine shutdown by closing firewall valve, time to light-off may exceed 10 seconds
7. Power - AS REQUIRED
8. Generator - RESET/ON
9. Autoignition - OFF
10. Condition lever - HIGH IDLE

5. ENGINE SYSTEM MALFUNCTIONS
[1] OIL SYSTEM FAILURE
Oil press < 85psi undesirable - tolerated only to complete flight. Monitor engine instruments and nacelles for secondary indications.  Consider shutting down engine and landing as soon as POSSIBLE; otherwise, reduce power on engine and landing as soon as PRACTICABLE.  Oil pressure < 40psi & oil temp >99C unsafe requiring engine shutdown or landing made as soon as possible using min power to sustain flight.  Note both discrepancies on maintenance forms. 
[2] CHIP DETECTOR LIGHT ILLUMINATION
Indicates metal particles in prop reduction gearbox.  Perform EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN CHECKLIST.
[3] EMERGENCY ENGINE SHUTDOWN ON DECK (for FIRE, FIRE WARN LIGHT, CHIP LIGHT)
1. Condition Levers - FUEL CUTOFF
2. Firewall Valves - CLOSED
3. Boost Pumps - OFF
4. Fire Extinguisher - AS REQUIRED
5. Gang Bar - OFF
6. Evacuate aircraft
[4] ABNORMAL START (for HOT START & NO LIGHT OFF)
If ITT likely to exceed 925C or no rise in ITT within 10 sec after condition levers LOW IDLE:
1. Condition Lever - FUEL CUTOFF (ITT < 790C)
2. Starter - OFF
Caution: Starter time limited to 40 sec ON, 60 sec OFF, 40 sec ON, 60 sec OFF, 40 sec ON, 30 minutes OFF.
Note: If start attempt discontinued and another start attempted, allow 60 sec delay to drain fuel and cool starter, then motor up starter for 15 sec minimum.  Allow eng to completely stop before attempting another start.
[5] ABORT & ENG FAILURE DURING TAKEOFF (A PRB E)
1. Announce -- "ABORT" (Initiate < 91KIAS)
2. Power Levers - IDLE
3. Reverse - AS REQUIRED (then beta range)
4. Brakes - AS REQUIRED (smooth, even, don't lock)
Prior to departing prepared surface:
(verbally recite remaining items) 
5. Condition Levers - FUEL CUTOFF
As soon as practicable:
6. Firewall valves - CLOSED
7. Boost Pumps - OFF
8. Fire Extinguishers - AS REQUIRED
9. Gang bar - OFF
10. Evacuate aircraft
Warning: If direction control problems occur while reversing, advance both power levers to FLIGHT IDLE.  Maintain directional control with rudder, nosewheel steering, and by pumping brakes.
Warning: Accelerate-stop distances increased 900 ft with condition levers HIGH IDLE and no reverse utilized.
[6] ENGINE FAILURE AFTER TAKEOFF
If sufficient runway to stop on ground, ABORT!
If insufficient runway to abort takeoff:
(POWER UP, RUDDER UP, CLEAN UP, SPEED UP, CHECKLIST)
1. Power - AS REQUIRED
2. Gear - UP
3. Airspeed - (102 (obstacles) or 110)
4. EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN CHECKLIST
[1] Power Lever - IDLE
[2] Propeller - FEATHER
[3] Condition Lever - FUEL CUTOFF
If fire or fuel leak, continue checklist.  If not, proceed to dead engine checklist.
[4] Firewall valve - CLOSED
[5] Fire Extinguisher - AS REQUIRED
[6] Bleed Air - CLOSED
[7] Dead Engine Checklist - AS REQUIRED
Note: address first 2 items of dead engine checklist, transfer comm to CP and have him declare an emergency.
Note: Dynamic Engine Cut complete when trimmed at 110KIAS (min 102KIAS), on takeoff heading, and Emergency Shutdown Checklist complete.
[7] INFLIGHT EMERGENCIES
Note: 1. Rudder trim sufficient above 100KIAS.  Below 100KIAS, supplement full rudder trim with constant rudder pressure.
2. SSE waveoff with full flaps, result in loss of 200 feet before positive rate of climb established.
3. Impending engine failure or flameout preceded by:
	[1] unstable engine operation
	[2] fluctuating turbine RPM
	[3] torque and ITT temp changes
	[4] illumination of fuel warning lights
	[5] drop in oil pressure
	[6] loss of thrust
4. DON'T attempt an airstart if: [MOVEOFF]
Mechanical malfunction
Overheating 
Vibration
Explosion
O N1
Fire
Fuel Fumes
[8] EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN CHECKLIST
(POWER UP, RUDDER UP, CLEAN UP)
[1] Power Lever - IDLE
[2] Propeller - FEATHER
[3] Condition Lever - FUEL CUTOFF
If fire or fuel leak, continue checklist.  If not, proceed to dead engine checklist.
[4] Firewall valve - CLOSED
[5] Fire Extinguisher - AS REQUIRED
[6] Bleed Air - CLOSED
[7] Dead Engine Checklist - AS REQUIRED
[9] AIRSTARTS
Accomplished with battery or generator.  Normally starter-assisted.  Determine cause for engine failure before airstart.  Airstarts above 20,000 ft are hotter - periodically cycle condition lever to FUEL CUTOFF to avoid overtemping.  Reduce electric loads.
STARTER-ASSISTED AIRSTARTS
Don't airstart if engine died from MOVEOFF - Mechanical malfunction, Overheat condition, Vibration, Explosion, 0 N1, Fire, or Fuel fumes.
1. Power lever (failed engine) - IDLE
2. Prop lever (failed engine) - FEATHER
3. Condition lever (failed engine) - FUEL CUTOFF
4. Cabin Temp Mode - AUTO
5. Vent Blower - AUTO
6. Radar - OFF/STANDBY
7. Anti-ice/deice - AS REQUIRED
8. Firewall valve - OPEN
9. Transfer Pump - AUTO
10. Boost Pump - ON
11. Crossfeed - AUTO
12. Generator (failed engine) - OFF
13. Starter (failed engine) - IGN & ENG START (check annunc light illums)
Note: If engine shutdown by closing firewall valve, time to light-off may exceed 10 sec.  Op engine ITT may increase approx 50C because of gen loading.
14. Condition lever - LOW IDLE
15. Starter (N1 > 50%) - OFF
16. Prop - UNFEATHER
17. Power - AS REQUIRED
18. Generator - RESET/ON
19. Fuel Control Heat - ON
20. Bleed Air - OPEN
21. Electrical Equipment - AS REQUIRED
22. Condition lever - HIGH IDLE
23. Instruments/Nacelles - CHECKED
WINDMILLING AIRSTART
Use for emergency relight if engine inadvertently shutdown.
1. Power Lever (failed engine) - IDLE
2. Prop lever (failed engine) - FULL FORWARD
3. Condition lever (failed engine) - FUEL CUTOFF
4. Firewall Valve - OPEN
5. Autoignition - ARM
Note: Windmilling airstarts above 20,000 ft or below 2,200 prop RPM may exceed ITT limit.
6. Condition Lever - LOW IDLE
Note: If engine shutdown by closing firewall valve, time to light-off may exceed 10 seconds
7. Power - AS REQUIRED
8. Generator - RESET/ON
9. Autoignition - OFF
10. Condition lever - HIGH IDLE

•	SSE ASR
Treat as SSE PRECISION approach for configuration.  If get well below recommended altitudes, revert to non-precision configuration (i/e don't configure until landing assured and in a safe position to land).  If well below guide path & would have to over-torque the engine to get back up to glideslope, retract flaps and gear to get at or above MDA.  If not going to use recommended altitudes on final, treat as non-precision approach, slowing to 120K after configuration point, but before descent to MDA, with flaps and gear left UP.